<\/p>\n\n\n
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<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n1. Online terapi, psikolojik deste\u011fe eri\u015fimi demokratikle\u015ftiriyor mu yoksa yeni e\u015fitsizlikler mi \u00fcretiyor ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Psikologlar i\u00e7in online \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle pandemi sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma pratiklerinde hem mek\u00e2nsal hem de zamansal a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc de beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir\u00e7ok psikolog ve psikoterapist, y\u00fcz y\u00fcze seanslar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra online seanslar\u0131 da mesleki rutinlerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Online \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerinin son 6\u20137 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hem terapistler hem de dan\u0131\u015fanlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitli avantajlar sundu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma temposu i\u00e7inde zaman tasarrufu sa\u011flamas\u0131, ula\u015f\u0131m zorluklar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 ve ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmetlerine eri\u015fimin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde alternatif bir destek sunmas\u0131 bu avantajlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. Nitekim internetin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren e-posta ve \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i platformlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla psikolojik dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k hizmetlerinin sunulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu uygulamalar\u0131n eri\u015filebilirlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli f\u0131rsatlar yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Grohol, 1999). <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda ise \u00f6zellikle internet tabanl\u0131 bili\u015fsel davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 terapi uygulamalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar artm\u0131\u015f ve bu m\u00fcdahalelerin etkinli\u011fine ili\u015fkin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bilimsel kan\u0131tlar ortaya konmu\u015ftur (Andersson, 2018). COVID-19 pandemisi ile birlikte \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i psikoterapi uygulamalar\u0131 k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte h\u0131zla yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzman\u0131 i\u00e7in temel hizmet sunum bi\u00e7imlerinden biri haline gelmi\u015ftir (Markowitz et al., 2021; Pierce et al., 2020; Xiang et al., 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bununla birlikte, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i terapinin eri\u015fimi art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkisi her zaman e\u015fit ve homojen bir bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemektedir. \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i terapi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman eri\u015fimi \u201cdemokratikle\u015ftiren\u201d bir ara\u00e7 olarak sunulsa da, dijital altyap\u0131ya eri\u015fim, teknolojik donan\u0131m ve dijital okuryazarl\u0131k d\u00fczeyi gibi fakt\u00f6rler yeni e\u015fitsizlik bi\u00e7imlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olabilmektedir. \u00d6zellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck sosyoekonomik gruplar, ya\u015fl\u0131 bireyler ve k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayanlar bu hizmetlere eri\u015fimde dezavantajl\u0131 konumda kalabilmektedir (Reay et al., 2021; Sue & Sue, 2016). Ayr\u0131ca baz\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ba\u011flamlarda g\u00fcven ve terap\u00f6tik ba\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcz y\u00fcze etkile\u015fim \u00fczerinden kurulmas\u0131, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i terapinin kabul\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlayan bir unsur olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir (Sue & Sue, 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, internet eri\u015fim oranlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ba\u011flant\u0131 kalitesi, maliyet ve elektronik cihaz eri\u015fimi gibi fakt\u00f6rler toplum i\u00e7inde yeni e\u015fitsizlikler \u00fcretmeye devam etmektedir (T\u00dc\u0130K, 2025). T\u00dc\u0130K verilerine g\u00f6re 2025 y\u0131l\u0131nda 16\u201374 ya\u015f grubunda internet kullan\u0131m oran\u0131 %90,9\u2019a y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir; ancak bu y\u00fcksek oran, eri\u015fimin herkes i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 nitelikte oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez (T\u00dc\u0130K, 2025). D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli bireylerin \u00e7o\u011fu zaman s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ya da payla\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 cihazlara ve kesintili internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmas\u0131, telet\u0131p ve \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmetlerine d\u00fczenli kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilmektedir (Wang et al., 2024). Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede dijitalle\u015fmenin yaln\u0131zca bir eri\u015fim geni\u015flemesi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda mevcut toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerini ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 yeniden \u00fcreten bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olabilece\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i terapi, bir yandan psikolojik deste\u011fe eri\u015fimi geni\u015fletme potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan dijital u\u00e7urum \u00fczerinden yeni e\u015fitsizlik bi\u00e7imlerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlayabilmektedir (Reay et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2024). Bu nedenle \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i terapinin \u201cdemokratikle\u015ftirici\u201d etkisi, ancak dijital eri\u015fim, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel duyarl\u0131l\u0131k ve sosyal e\u015fitlik boyutlar\u0131 birlikte ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda anlaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilebilir (Sue & Sue, 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Online terapistlikte \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u201d s\u00f6ylemi, g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fi me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131ran bir diskur olabilir mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Online terapistlikte \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u201d s\u00f6ylemi tamamen yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Ger\u00e7ekten de mek\u00e2nsal esneklik sa\u011flar, ofis maliyetlerini azaltabilir, dan\u0131\u015fana eri\u015fimi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rabilir ve baz\u0131 operasyonel i\u015fleri hafifletebilir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i terapi platformlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi tan\u0131t\u0131m dillerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda da tam olarak bunu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz: esnek program, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck komisyon, uzmanl\u0131\u011fa uygun dan\u0131\u015fan e\u015fle\u015fmesi, takvim ve \u00f6deme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin tek yerden y\u00f6netilmesi gibi kolayl\u0131klar vaat edilir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle online \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, \u00f6zellikle ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z pratik kurmak isteyen psikologlar i\u00e7in cazip bir zemin yarat\u0131r. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu s\u00f6ylem \u00e7o\u011fu zaman g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fi de beraberinde ta\u015f\u0131r. \u201cKendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerini belirle, istedi\u011fin yerden \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u201d dili, gig ekonomisinin klasik retorik ara\u00e7lar\u0131na olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131nd\u0131r (Standing, 2011). <\/p>\n\n\n Bununla birlikte online terapistlik, tek tip bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma modeli de\u011fildir. Terapistler kimi zaman tamamen kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z pratiklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, kimi zaman dijital platformlara ba\u011fl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu iki model aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 ortakl\u0131klar bulunsa da, emek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve g\u00fcvenceler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli farklar vard\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan terapistler i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca bir ofis \u00fccreti \u00f6dememek avantaj olabilir; ancak vergi, sigorta, reklam, dan\u0131\u015fan bulma, etik \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi koruma, teknik altyap\u0131 ve mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck gibi sorumluluklar yine terapistin kendisine aittir. Platformlarda ise i\u015fler daha da farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok platform, terapistlerin eme\u011fini belirli bir komisyon ya da y\u00fczdelik kesinti \u00fczerinden organize eder. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k terapistler \u00e7o\u011fu zaman SGK, \u00fccretli izin, k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131, d\u00fczenli gelir g\u00fcvencesi ya da kurumsal temsil gibi haklardan yararlanamaz (Kaytan & Erdo\u011fan, 2025; Standing, 2011). <\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de dijital emek platformlar\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan 2025 tarihli nitel ara\u015ft\u0131rma, Bionluk \u00f6rne\u011finde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n esneklik avantaj\u0131na ra\u011fmen d\u00fczensiz gelir, m\u00fc\u015fteriyle asimetrik ili\u015fki ve platform kurallar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6zerklik kayb\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma; \u00fccret, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik, i\u015f g\u00fcvencesi, \u00f6zerklik, kontrol ve m\u00fc\u015fteri de\u011ferlendirmeleri gibi ba\u015fl\u0131klar \u00fczerinden platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvencesiz yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 incelemi\u015ftir (Kaytan & Erdo\u011fan, 2025). Bu bulgular do\u011frudan online terapi platformlar\u0131na birebir aktar\u0131lmasa da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de platform eme\u011finin genel mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc psikologlar da benzer bi\u00e7imde puanlama, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck, dan\u0131\u015fan de\u011ferlendirmesi, komisyon ve platform kurallar\u0131 gibi mekanizmalarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalabilmektedir (Kaytan & Erdo\u011fan, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n Bu noktada Guy Standing\u2019in \u201cprekarya\u201d kavram\u0131 olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Prekarya, g\u00fcvencesiz, istikrars\u0131z, s\u00fcrekli yeniden i\u015f aramak ve kendini pazarlamak zorunda kalan yeni emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 tan\u0131mlar (Standing, 2011). Online platformlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan psikologlar da meslek yasas\u0131 yoklu\u011fu, oda eksikli\u011fi, platform komisyonlar\u0131, sabit gelirden uzak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imi ve sosyal haklardan mahrumiyet nedeniyle bu g\u00fcvencesizlik bi\u00e7imine yakla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u201d s\u00f6ylemi, baz\u0131 ger\u00e7ek avantajlar\u0131 i\u00e7erse de, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmezle\u015ftiren bir diskura d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Terapist g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde kendi i\u015finin patronudur; fakat ger\u00e7ekte piyasan\u0131n, platformun, algoritman\u0131n ve dan\u0131\u015fan de\u011ferlendirmelerinin belirledi\u011fi bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma rejiminin i\u00e7inde hareket eder (Kaytan & Erdo\u011fan, 2025; Standing, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Online terapi ile beraber psikologlar, evlerinde yaln\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu durum, mesleki dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ve kolektif kimli\u011fi nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de psikologlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklar\u0131ndan biri, haklar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir meslek yasas\u0131n\u0131n ve meslek odas\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir meslek yasas\u0131 ve odas\u0131 olmayan psikologlar, \u00e7o\u011funlukla dernekler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla etik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131, mesleki standartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle psikologlar\u0131n kolektif kimli\u011fi zaten ba\u015ftan k\u0131r\u0131lgan bir zeminde kurulmaktad\u0131r. Online \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte evden ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yaln\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7iminin artmas\u0131, bu k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha da g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n Evden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ilk bak\u0131\u015fta konforlu, ekonomik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirici g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Ancak terapistin meslekta\u015flar\u0131yla g\u00fcndelik temas\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131, s\u00fcpervizyon, dayan\u0131\u015fma ve \u00f6\u011frenme alanlar\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ma riski bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor. Ayn\u0131 ofisi payla\u015fmak, koridorda k\u0131sa bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma ya\u015famak, bir vaka \u00fczerine meslekta\u015fla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek ya da mesleki zorluklar\u0131 ortak bir zeminde konu\u015fmak yaln\u0131zca sosyal bir temas de\u011fildir; mesleki kimli\u011fin kuruldu\u011fu \u00f6nemli alanlard\u0131r. Bu alanlar\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131, terapistin kendi eme\u011fini ve mesleki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha bireysel, daha yaln\u0131z ve daha piyasa odakl\u0131 deneyimlemesine neden olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx\u2019\u0131n yabanc\u0131la\u015fma kavram\u0131 burada yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Kapitalist i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde birey yaln\u0131zca eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcnden de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi etkinli\u011finden, t\u00fcrsel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve di\u011fer insanlarla kurdu\u011fu ba\u011flardan da uzakla\u015f\u0131r. Online \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prati\u011finde bu yabanc\u0131la\u015fma, terapistin dan\u0131\u015fanla ekran \u00fczerinden ili\u015fki kurmas\u0131yla de\u011fil, meslekta\u015flar\u0131ndan, derneklerden, kolektif tart\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131ndan ve ortak hak m\u00fccadelesinden uzakla\u015fmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Yani sorun yaln\u0131zca \u201cevden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak\u201d de\u011fildir; sorun, evden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n terapisti giderek daha atomize, daha bireyselle\u015fmi\u015f ve daha yaln\u0131z bir mesleki \u00f6zneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme ihtimalidir.<\/p>\n\n\n Byung-Chul Han\u2019\u0131n perspektifinden bakarsak bu durum, neoliberal \u00f6znenin kendi i\u00e7ine kapanarak kendini \u00fcretmesi bi\u00e7iminde okunabilir. Han\u2019a g\u00f6re g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00f6znesi art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca d\u0131\u015fsal bir bask\u0131yla de\u011fil, kendi kendini performansa zorlayan bir yap\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015far. Evden, yaln\u0131z ve s\u00fcrekli eri\u015filebilir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan terapist de g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr; fakat bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, kolektif ba\u011flar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi pahas\u0131na kazan\u0131l\u0131r. Derneklerden, meslekta\u015f dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan ve ortak m\u00fccadele alanlar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015fan birey, giderek kendi performans\u0131na, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve verimlili\u011fine odaklanan izole bir \u00f6zneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu da yaln\u0131zca mesleki de\u011fil, varolu\u015fsal d\u00fczeyde de yorgunluk ve t\u00fckenmi\u015flik riskini art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla online \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, psikologlar\u0131n kolektif kimli\u011fini tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmaz; fakat onu daha da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k, daha dijital ve daha bireysel bir zemine ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu noktada mesleki derneklerin, s\u00fcpervizyon gruplar\u0131n\u0131n, dayan\u0131\u015fma a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ve ortak etik tart\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi artmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc online \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde psikologlar\u0131n yaln\u0131zla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek \u015fey, yaln\u0131zca teknik imk\u00e2nlar de\u011fil; kolektif mesleki ba\u011flar\u0131n bilin\u00e7li bi\u00e7imde yeniden kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r..<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Dijital platformlara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k, terapistin eme\u011fini sermaye lehine yeniden d\u00fczenliyor mu?<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n Dijital platformlar\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi, terapistin eme\u011fini belirli piyasa kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeniden d\u00fczenler. Online terapi platformlar\u0131 ilk bak\u0131\u015fta terapist ile dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131 bulu\u015fturan arac\u0131 yap\u0131lar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bunlar mesle\u011fe yeni ba\u015flayan terapistler i\u00e7in iyi bir deneyim kazanma f\u0131rsat\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ancak bu arac\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisi tarafs\u0131z de\u011fildir. Platform; dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n terapiste nas\u0131l ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, terapistin nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcnece\u011fini, \u00fccretin nas\u0131l tahsil edilece\u011fini, komisyonun nas\u0131l kesilece\u011fini ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman dan\u0131\u015fan de\u011ferlendirmelerinin terapistin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne nas\u0131l etki edece\u011fini belirleyen bir \u00fcst yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n psikolo\u011fun eme\u011fi de dijital pazarda sergilenen, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen, de\u011ferlendirilen bir “hizmet paketine” veya “\u00fcr\u00fcne” indirgenme riski ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu noktada terapistin eme\u011fi yaln\u0131zca klinik bilgisi, deneyimi ve ili\u015fki kurma kapasitesi \u00fczerinden de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck, profil d\u00fczenleme, puan alma, h\u0131zl\u0131 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapma, sorular\u0131 yan\u0131tlama gibi platformun kurallar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flama ve rekabet etme becerisi \u00fczerinden de de\u011ferlenmeye ba\u015flar. B\u00f6ylece terapist, yaln\u0131zca terapi yapan bir uzman olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar; ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi eme\u011fini dijital pazarda s\u00fcrekli sergilemek, \u00f6l\u00e7mek ve optimize etmek zorunda kalan bir giri\u015fimci \u00f6zneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu durum, Marx\u2019\u0131n emek-sermaye ili\u015fkisi ba\u011flam\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn dijital bi\u00e7imlerinden biri olarak okunabilir: Terapistin eme\u011finin bir k\u0131sm\u0131, platformun teknik altyap\u0131s\u0131 ve arac\u0131 konumu \u00fczerinden sermayeye aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bionluk \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan 2025 tarihli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, dijital platformlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n esneklik avantaj\u0131na ra\u011fmen d\u00fczensiz gelir, asimetrik m\u00fc\u015fteri ili\u015fkileri ve platform kurallar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6zerklik kayb\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki web tabanl\u0131 platform eme\u011fine odaklanmas\u0131, online terapi platformlar\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma zemini sunar (Kaytan & Erdo\u011fan, 2025). \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc terapist eme\u011fi de platform mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na dahil oldu\u011funda, uzmanl\u0131k giderek \u201chizmet paketi\u201d, seans \u201c\u00fcr\u00fcn\u201d, dan\u0131\u015fan ise \u201cm\u00fc\u015fteri\u201d gibi konumland\u0131r\u0131lma riski ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te sermaye lehine yeniden d\u00fczenleme birka\u00e7 d\u00fczeyde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u0130lk olarak, platform terapistin dan\u0131\u015fana eri\u015fimini kontrol eder. \u0130kinci olarak, \u00fccret ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na arac\u0131l\u0131k ederek eme\u011fin ekonomik de\u011ferinden pay al\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, puanlama ve de\u011ferlendirme sistemleriyle terapistin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 dolayl\u0131 olarak disipline eder. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, terapistin mesleki \u00f6zerkli\u011fini piyasa g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirir. Bu durum, Christian Fuchs ve Nick Srnicek gibi platform kapitalizmi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yazarlar\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi temel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle uyumludur: Dijital platformlar yaln\u0131zca teknolojik ara\u00e7lar de\u011fil, eme\u011fi organize eden ve de\u011feri kendi lehine toplayan yeni sermaye yap\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r (Fuchs, 2014; Srnicek, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu nedenle online terapi platformlar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca \u201cdan\u0131\u015fan bulmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran ara\u00e7lar\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirmek eksik kal\u0131r. Bu platformlar, terapistin zaman\u0131n\u0131, \u00fccretini, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, dan\u0131\u015fanla temas bi\u00e7imini ve mesleki \u00f6zerkli\u011fini yeniden bi\u00e7imlendiren ekonomik yap\u0131lard\u0131r. Elbette bu her platformun s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez; baz\u0131lar\u0131 terapist i\u00e7in pratik kolayl\u0131k ve dan\u0131\u015fan i\u00e7in eri\u015fim imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ancak mesele tam da burada ba\u015flar: Kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flayan sistem, ayn\u0131 anda eme\u011fi g\u00fcvencesizle\u015ftiren ve sermaye lehine d\u00fczenleyen bir mekanizma haline gelebilir (Fuchs, 2014; Kaytan & Erdo\u011fan, 2025; Srnicek, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. Dijital terapi prati\u011finde yabanc\u0131la\u015fma, hangi noktalarda artarken hangi noktalarda azal\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz neoliberal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinde yabanc\u0131la\u015fma, Marksist teorideki klasik tan\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ayr\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yabanc\u0131la\u015fma, i\u015f\u00e7iyi s\u00f6m\u00fcren bir \u00f6tekinin \u2014patronun, sermayenin\u2014 egemenli\u011fiyle tan\u0131mlan\u0131r; s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ili\u015fkisi d\u0131\u015fsal ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fcr (Marx, 1844\/2013). Oysa neoliberal d\u00fczende bu ili\u015fki k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir: S\u00f6m\u00fcren bir \u00f6teki art\u0131k sahneye do\u011frudan \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Birey, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck yan\u0131lsamas\u0131na kap\u0131larak kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fi inanc\u0131yla g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc bi\u00e7imde kendi s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu ba\u011flamda s\u00f6z konusu olan art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca eme\u011fe yabanc\u0131la\u015fma de\u011fil, \u00f6zneye yabanc\u0131la\u015fma ya da bireyin kendi benli\u011finden kopu\u015fudur. Byung-Chul Han d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde bu durum, \u00f6tekinin kayb\u0131, performans bask\u0131s\u0131 ve bireyin kendi i\u00e7ine kapanmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r (Han, 2015; Oral, 2023). Han \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda dijital platformlar\u0131n toplumsal ili\u015fkileri yeniden \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi, \u201c\u00d6teki\u201dnin ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde ayn\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n ve anlam krizinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulanmaktad\u0131r (Oral, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dijital terapi prati\u011finde yabanc\u0131la\u015fma \u00f6zellikle terapistin sosyal ve mesleki ba\u011flar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden belirginle\u015fir. Evden ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla yaln\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, meslekta\u015flarla g\u00fcndelik temas\u0131n azalmas\u0131na, s\u00fcpervizyon ve informal payla\u015f\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Bu durum, zaten meslek yasas\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kurumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan T\u00fcrkiye ba\u011flam\u0131nda, terapistlerin derneklerden ve kolektif \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme pratiklerinden daha da uzakla\u015fmas\u0131na neden olabilir. B\u00f6ylece yabanc\u0131la\u015fma terapistin mesleki kimli\u011fi ve kolektif aidiyeti \u00fczerinde derinle\u015fir. Han\u2019\u0131n perspektifinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu yaln\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hali, yaln\u0131zca fiziksel izolasyon de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201c\u00f6tekinin kayb\u0131\u201dd\u0131r. \u00d6tekiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n, s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmenin, birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin ve kolektif hareket etmenin azalmas\u0131, terapisti kendi performans\u0131na kapanm\u0131\u015f bir \u00f6zneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilir (Han, 2015; Oral, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak online terapi tek ba\u015f\u0131na ne bir kurtar\u0131c\u0131 ne de bir canavard\u0131r. O, toplumun halihaz\u0131rda var olan e\u015fitsizliklerini, g\u00fcvencesizliklerini ve \u00f6znele\u015fme bi\u00e7imlerini yans\u0131tan dijital bir aynad\u0131r. Bu aynadaki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek yaln\u0131zca psikologlar\u0131n de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda teknoloji \u00fcreticilerinin, kanun koyucular\u0131n, meslek \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin ve sosyal devletin ortak sorumlulu\u011fudur. Dijital terapi prati\u011finde yabanc\u0131la\u015fma baz\u0131 noktalarda artarken \u2014yaln\u0131zla\u015fma, \u00f6rg\u00fctten kopma, performans bask\u0131s\u0131, platform ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2014 baz\u0131 noktalarda azalabilir: \u00f6rne\u011fin ula\u015f\u0131m y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn hafiflemesi, baz\u0131 dan\u0131\u015fanlara daha kolay eri\u015fim sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve terapistin kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ritmini k\u0131smen d\u00fczenleyebilmesi gibi. Bu y\u00fczden as\u0131l mesele online terapinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil, onun hangi ekonomik, etik ve mesleki \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fidir (Han, 2015; Kaytan & Erdo\u011fan, 2025; Reay et al., 2021) <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Andersson, G. (2018). Internet interventions: Past, present and future. Internet Interventions, 12, 181\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.invent.2018.03.008<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Grohol, J. M. (1999). The history of online psychotherapy. Psych Central.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Markowitz, J. C., Milrod, B., Heckman, T. G., Oquendo, M. A., Biaggi, A., & Bleiberg, K. L. (2021). Psychotherapy at a distance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(3), 240\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20050557<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Pierce, B. S., Perrin, P. B., & Tyler, C. M. (2020). The COVID-19 telepsychology revolution: A national study of pandemic-based changes in U.S. mental health care delivery. American Psychologist, 76(1), 14\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000722<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Reay, R. E., Looi, J. C. L., & Keightley, P. (2021). Telehealth mental health services during COVID-19: Summary of evidence and clinical practice. Australasian Psychiatry, 29(5), 514\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10398562211001783<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2016). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Wiley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye \u0130statistik Kurumu (T\u00dc\u0130K). (2025). Hanehalk\u0131 bili\u015fim teknolojileri kullan\u0131m ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 2025. https:\/\/data.tuik.gov.tr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Wang, K., Goldenberg, M. N., Doraiswamy, P. M., & di\u011ferleri. (2024). Digital inequality and access to tele-mental health services. The Lancet Digital Health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Xiang, Y.-T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30046-8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kaytan, M., & Erdo\u011fan, E. (2025). Web tabanl\u0131 dijital emek platformlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bionluk \u00fczerine nitel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma. Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi \u0130ktisadi ve \u0130dari Bilimler Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, (71), 109\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18070\/erciyesiibd.1671187<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Standing, G. (2011). The precariat: The new dangerous class. Bloomsbury Publishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. B\u00f6l\u00fcm <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Han, B.-C. (2015). The burnout society. Stanford University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx, K. (2013). 1844 el yazmalar\u0131: Ekonomi politik ve felsefe (\u00e7ev. K. Somer). Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. (Orijinal eser 1844\u2019te yay\u0131mland\u0131.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Reay, R. E., Looi, J. C. L., & Keightley, P. (2021). Telehealth mental health services during COVID-19: Summary of evidence and clinical practice. Australasian Psychiatry, 29(5), 514\u2013516.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Standing, G. (2011). The precariat: The new dangerous class. Bloomsbury Publishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fuchs, C. (2014). Digital labour and Karl Marx. Routledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kaytan, M., & Erdo\u011fan, E. (2025). Web tabanl\u0131 dijital emek platformlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bionluk \u00fczerine nitel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma. Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi \u0130ktisadi ve \u0130dari Bilimler Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, (71), 109\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18070\/erciyesiibd.1671187<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx, K. (2013). 1844 el yazmalar\u0131: Ekonomi politik ve felsefe. Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform capitalism. Polity Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. B\u00f6l\u00fcm <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Han, B.-C. (2015). The burnout society. Stanford University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kaytan, M., & Erdo\u011fan, E. (2025). Web tabanl\u0131 dijital emek platformlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bionluk \u00fczerine nitel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma. Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi \u0130ktisadi ve \u0130dari Bilimler Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, (71), 109\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18070\/erciyesiibd.1671187<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx, K. (2013). 1844 el yazmalar\u0131: Ekonomi politik ve felsefe. Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/psikopolitikdergi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/low_income_family_001-2-1200x800.webp?resize=1200%2C800&ssl=1\")
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