{"id":8578,"date":"2026-07-07T03:24:08","date_gmt":"2026-07-07T00:24:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/psikopolitikdergi.com\/?p=8578"},"modified":"2026-07-07T03:27:47","modified_gmt":"2026-07-07T00:27:47","slug":"sivas-katliaminda-cezasizlik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psikopolitikdergi.com\/2026\/07\/07\/sivas-katliaminda-cezasizlik","title":{"rendered":"Sivas Katliam\u0131nda Cezas\u0131zl\u0131k: Travman\u0131n Yeniden \u00dcretimi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Klinik Psikolog Nergiz \u00d6zdemir Eke – Travma \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Derne\u011fi Y\u00f6n. Krl. B\u015fk<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumlar\u0131n \u015fiddetin ard\u0131ndan kalan izleri onarabilmesi yaln\u0131zca ge\u00e7mi\u015fte olan\u0131n kabul\u00fc ile de\u011fil, o g\u00fcnden sonra kurulan adalet mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fine de ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Cezas\u0131zl\u0131k; faillerin hesap vermedi\u011fi, kurumsal sorumlulu\u011fun belirsiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, olaylar\u0131n bir yan\u0131yla toplumsal bellekte ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullar, psikolojik onar\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki yap\u0131sal bir engel olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu ger\u00e7eklikle birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde yaln\u0131zca hukuki bir eksiklik olarak g\u00f6rmek yetersiz kalacakt\u0131r. 2 Temmuz 1993\u2019te Sivas\u2019ta ya\u015fanan katliam, bu dinami\u011fin somutla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 net ve \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u00f6rneklerden biridir. Otuz \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca s\u00fcren yarg\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve kurumsal belirsizlik, hayatta kalanlar\u0131n ve yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yaslar\u0131n\u0131 kamusal alanda tamamlayamamas\u0131na ciddi bir bi\u00e7imde zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yas, toplumsal tan\u0131nma olmaks\u0131z\u0131n yerini bulamaz. Tan\u0131nma ise \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ancak adalet arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, hakikatin yerine gelmesi ve iyi tan\u0131kl\u0131k ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale gelir. Bu d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131r\u0131lamamas\u0131, ac\u0131y\u0131 bireysel bir y\u00fcke d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr ve ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131nan bir sessizlik \u00fcretir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131da cezas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcnferit bir hukuki sonu\u00e7 olarak de\u011fil, toplumsal belle\u011fi ve kolektif psikolojik sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imlendiren yap\u0131sal bir de\u011fi\u015fken olarak ele almay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yorum. Sivas\u2019ta ya\u015fanan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olay\u0131n \u00fczerinden onlarca y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen h\u00e2l\u00e2 a\u00e7\u0131k bir yara oldu\u011fu muhakkak. Zaman bu yaray\u0131 onaramamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc cezas\u0131zl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131nda tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f \u0131st\u0131rap ve ac\u0131 zamanla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmez aksine katmanla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Yas<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politik psikoloji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu deneyimi anlamland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 kavram \u00f6zellikle ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Pauline Boss\u2019un \u201cambiguous loss\u201d (belirsiz kay\u0131p) kuram\u0131, kayb\u0131n netle\u015fmemi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n yas\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l engelledi\u011fini g\u00f6sterirken; Kenneth Doka\u2019n\u0131n \u201cdisenfranchised grief\u201d (me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f yas) kavram\u0131, toplumun bilerek ya da bilmeyerek tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131lar\u0131n bireyde nas\u0131l i\u00e7e d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Robert Neimeyer ise buna bir katman daha ekler: Ona g\u00f6re yas, belirli a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7erek tamamlanan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda kayb\u0131 hayat hikayemizin i\u00e7ine anlaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde yerle\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kayb\u0131n adaletsiz ve tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ko\u015fullarda bu anlam in\u015fas\u0131 sekteye u\u011frar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc anlat\u0131n\u0131n oturmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nce toplumsal bir zeminin olu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Sivas Katliam\u0131\u2019nda hayatta kalanlar\u0131n ve yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n deneyimi, bu \u00fc\u00e7 kavram\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi yerde anlam kazanmaktad\u0131r. Bu zeminde hem kayb\u0131n kendisinin hem de o kayb\u0131n toplumsal alanda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z kalmaya devam etti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek san\u0131r\u0131m yerinde olacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ask\u0131daki Yas: Belirsiz Kay\u0131p ve Tan\u0131nmayan Ac\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Kay\u0131p ve yas \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken \u00e7o\u011funlukla s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirgin bir kay\u0131ptan s\u00f6z ederiz. Her birey kayb\u0131n\u0131 kendi me\u015frebine g\u00f6re ya\u015far, ancak kayb\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ve tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda ortak bir ger\u00e7eklik vard\u0131r. Oysa baz\u0131 kay\u0131plar hi\u00e7bir zaman bu netli\u011fi kazanamaz. Pauline Boss, bunu \u201cambiguous loss\u201d (belirsiz kay\u0131p) kavram\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klar. Kay\u0131p ger\u00e7ektir ancak onu \u00e7evreleyen dinamikler belirsizli\u011fini korur. Kim neden \u00f6ld\u00fc? Sorumlular kimdi? Bu sorular yan\u0131ts\u0131z kald\u0131k\u00e7a yas, kendisini ta\u015f\u0131yacak bir anlam zemini bulmakta zorlan\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yas, yaln\u0131zca kayb\u0131n kendisiyle de\u011fil, kayb\u0131n anlamland\u0131r\u0131labilmesiyle de ili\u015fkilidir. Sivas\u2019ta hayatta kalanlar ve yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenler i\u00e7in bu belirsizlik otuz \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r yaln\u0131zca s\u00fcrmekle kalmad\u0131, al\u0131nan kararlar ve ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmelerle s\u00fcrekli yeniden \u00fcretildi. Mahkemeler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131, kapand\u0131. Kararlar verildi, bozuldu. Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u0131llar boyunca g\u00fcndemde yer ald\u0131. Her hukuki geli\u015fme, yas\u0131n ilerlemesine katk\u0131 sunmak yerine \u00e7o\u011fu zaman s\u00fcrecin tamamlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hissini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Tam bir kapanmaya yakla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gibi hissedilen her anda yeni bir karar, yeni bir a\u00e7\u0131klama ya da yeni bir erteleme g\u00fcndeme geldi. B\u00f6ylece travma ge\u00e7mi\u015fte b\u0131rak\u0131lacak bir ya\u015fant\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak bug\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrekli yeniden hissedilen bir deneyime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun da \u00f6tesinde, ba\u015fka bir katman daha var: B\u00f6ylesi bir ac\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal olarak tan\u0131n\u0131p tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 meselesi. Kenneth J. Doka bunu \u201cdisenfranchised grief\u201d (tan\u0131nmayan yas) kavram\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Doka\u2019ya g\u00f6re baz\u0131 kay\u0131plar toplum taraf\u0131ndan me\u015fru g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Bu kay\u0131plar i\u00e7in ortak bir dil kurulmaz, rit\u00fceller olu\u015fturulmaz, kamusal bir iyi tan\u0131kl\u0131k geli\u015fmez. Yas tan\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise ki\u015fi yaln\u0131zca sevdi\u011fini kaybetmez ayn\u0131 zamanda ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fabilece\u011fi toplumsal zemini de kaybeder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sivas Katliam\u0131\u2019n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde bu kavram\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha da belirginle\u015fiyor. Her 2 Temmuz\u2019da okunan isimler, yak\u0131lan mumlar, payla\u015f\u0131lan foto\u011fraflar, b\u0131rak\u0131lan karanfiller ve yinelenen adalet talebi, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir kamusal yas alan\u0131 kurma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bu \u00e7aba toplumsal d\u00fczeyde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ac\u0131 yaln\u0131zca onu do\u011frudan ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir y\u00fcke d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Yas ortakla\u015famaz, toplumsalla\u015famaz. Bu durum yaln\u0131zca bireysel bir yaln\u0131zla\u015fma de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda kolektif haf\u0131zan\u0131n eksik kurulmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Toplumun ortak haf\u0131zas\u0131na yerle\u015femeyen her kay\u0131p ise ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131nan bir y\u00fck olarak ya\u015famaya devam eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu iki yakla\u015f\u0131m birlikte okundu\u011funda Sivas\u2019a dair daha sert bir ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr h\u00e2le gelmektedir. Ask\u0131da kalan yaln\u0131zca kayb\u0131n kendisi de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda o kayb\u0131n anlam\u0131, tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve toplumsal haf\u0131zadaki yeri de bilin\u00e7li bir bi\u00e7imde ask\u0131da tutulmu\u015ftur. Cezas\u0131zl\u0131k, bu tercihin en g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr arac\u0131d\u0131r. Onar\u0131m bu nedenle yaln\u0131zca bireysel yas \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Hakikatin tan\u0131nmas\u0131na, kamusal tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa ve adaletin i\u015fletilmesine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.
<\/strong>
Anlam Neden \u0130n\u015fa Edilemiyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Travman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan insanlar yaln\u0131zca kaybettiklerinin yas\u0131n\u0131 tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz. Ya\u015fanan\u0131 da i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyalar\u0131nda bir yere yerle\u015ftirmeye, onu anlamland\u0131rmaya da y\u00f6nelirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan zihni, \u00f6zellikle \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, olan biteni bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde kavrayabildi\u011finde yeniden hareket edebilir. Ya\u015fanan\u0131n nedenini, sorumlulu\u011funu ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kavrayabilmek yaln\u0131zca hukuki ya da tarihsel bir mesele de\u011fildir. Ruhsal bir zorunluluktur. <\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Robert A. Neimeyer\u2019in \u201cmeaning reconstruction\u201d (anlam\u0131n yeniden in\u015fas\u0131) kavram\u0131, bu s\u00fcrecin neden aksad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Yas, yaln\u0131zca kayb\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan duygusal bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 de\u011fildir. Sars\u0131lan anlam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 yeniden kurma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Kay\u0131plar sonras\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcvenli, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir ve adil oldu\u011funa dair temel inan\u00e7lar da zedelenir. Cezas\u0131zl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ise hakikatin bulan\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, sorumlulu\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ya\u015fanan\u0131n s\u00fcrekli tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 bu anlam in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 kesintiye u\u011frat\u0131r. Deneyim sindirilemeyen bir par\u00e7a olarak zihinde ve bedende kalmaya devam eder. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sivas Katliam\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en otuz \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l, bu yeniden kurma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n neden s\u00fcrekli sekteye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6sterir. Her 2 Temmuz\u2019da ayn\u0131 sorular\u0131n yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, ayn\u0131 adalet talebinin yinelenmesi ve ayn\u0131 ac\u0131n\u0131n yeniden g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmas\u0131, kapanmam\u0131\u015f bir s\u00fcrecin tezah\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Hakikat yerli yerine oturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve sorumluluk \u00fcstlenilmedi\u011finde ya\u015fanan deneyim ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kalamaz, zihinsel olarak tamamlanamaz. Cezas\u0131zl\u0131k bu nedenle yaln\u0131zca failleri koruyan bir hukuk politikas\u0131 de\u011fildir; insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7selle\u015ftirmesini, anlamland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ruhsal olarak yerli yerine koymas\u0131n\u0131 da engelleyen, toplumsal haf\u0131zay\u0131 par\u00e7al\u0131 b\u0131rakan ve travman\u0131n ku\u015faklar boyunca aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlayan bir dinamik olarak i\u015fler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yara Kapanmaz, Kapanmas\u0131 da Beklenemez
<\/strong>
Cezas\u0131zl\u0131k \u00e7o\u011fu zaman hukukun diliyle tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r: A\u00e7\u0131lan davalar, verilen kararlar, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, kapanan ve tekrar tekrar a\u00e7\u0131lan dosyalar. Elbette bunlar\u0131n her biri \u00f6nemlidir. Ancak cezas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n as\u0131l etkisi mahkeme salonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7er; hayatta kalanlar\u0131n, yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenlerin ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bir toplumun ruhsall\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sivas Katliam\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fczerinden otuz \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l ge\u00e7ti. Ancak ge\u00e7en zaman, tek ba\u015f\u0131na onar\u0131m getirmedi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onar\u0131m yaln\u0131zca zaman\u0131n ge\u00e7mesiyle de\u011fil, hakikatin tan\u0131nmas\u0131, iyi tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, sorumlulu\u011fun \u00fcstlenilmesi ve adaletin i\u015fletilmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Bunlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011finde yaran\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k kalmas\u0131 bir eksiklik ya da zay\u0131fl\u0131k de\u011fil, ruhsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ya\u015fanan adaletsizli\u011fe verdi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir yan\u0131t ve anlaml\u0131 bir m\u00fccadeledir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 ayn\u0131 ac\u0131n\u0131n konu\u015fuluyor olmas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fe tak\u0131l\u0131p kalmak de\u011fildir. Aksine, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin h\u00e2l\u00e2 bug\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7inde tutuldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Cezas\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcrd\u00fck\u00e7e travma da yaln\u0131zca hat\u0131rlanmayacak ve yeniden \u00fcretilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otuz \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l ge\u00e7ti. Hesaps\u0131z ge\u00e7en her y\u0131l, o g\u00fcn\u00fc bir kez daha bug\u00fcne ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kavramsal \u00c7er\u00e7eve <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Pauline Boss \u2014 \u201cBelirsiz Kay\u0131p\u201d (Ambiguous Loss)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 – Kenneth J. Doka \u2014 \u201cTan\u0131nmayan\/Me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Yas\u201d (Disenfranchised Grief)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 – Robert A. Neimeyer \u2014 \u201cAnlam\u0131n Yeniden \u0130n\u015fas\u0131\u201d (Meaning Reconstruction) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Klinik Psikolog Nergiz \u00d6zdemir Eke – Travma \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Derne\u011fi Y\u00f6n. Krl. B\u015fk G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Toplumlar\u0131n \u015fiddetin ard\u0131ndan kalan izleri onarabilmesi yaln\u0131zca ge\u00e7mi\u015fte olan\u0131n kabul\u00fc ile de\u011fil, [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270452333,"featured_media":8586,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"[]","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1626,1628],"tags":[1378,1732,1729,1730,1444,1370,1731,1449,1433,1431],"class_list":["post-8578","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guncel","category-siyaset","tag-elestirel-psikoloji","tag-islamcilik","tag-madimak-katliami","tag-madimak-oteli-muze-olsun","tag-politik-psikoloji","tag-psikoloji","tag-siyasal-islam","tag-sosyal-psikoloji","tag-toplumsal-travma","tag-travma"],"yoast_head":"\nSivas Katliam\u0131nda Cezas\u0131zl\u0131k: Travman\u0131n Yeniden \u00dcretimi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 ayn\u0131 ac\u0131n\u0131n konu\u015fuluyor olmas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fe tak\u0131l\u0131p kalmak de\u011fildir. 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